Polish Culture.Doc Essay Example

Polish Culture.Doc Essay The Family cultures tend to be hierarchical and power-oriented. Furthermore, they are high context and the relationship Is diffuse. * The Eiffel Tower cultures are role-oriented, the rules and procedures are clear and very strict. What Is more. Order and predictability are very important. (Trampers and Williams, 2003). * The Guided Missile cultures tend to be task-oriented and low centralized. Achievement and effectiveness are weighed above the demands of authority, procedures, or people (ibid). This culture is individualistic, people often change teams and tasks ND are very enthusiastic about their work. * The Incubator cultures are highly individualistic, flexible with commitment to oneself and professional recognition (ibid). This culture is person-oriented. 2. 3. 1. Relationship with others Second set of dimensions outlined by Trampers is mainly based on people s relationships with each other and includes: 1. Universalism 2. Specific 3. Individualism 4. Achievement 5. Neutral Particulars Defuse relationships Collectivism Ascription Affective Relationships 3. Analysis of Polish culture 4. 2. Introduction unfortunately there are no clear evidence showing the affinity of the Polish culture to any of the dimensions mentioned above and therefore the following analysis will be mostly based on my personal experience and supported by additional data. 1 . 3. 4. 1. 4. 2. Corporate Culture It could be suggested that Poland is a Family Culture with some features centralists Tort ten I lower cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Polish Culture.Doc specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Polish Culture.Doc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Polish Culture.Doc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hearst all tenure Is a clear annularly In most of the Polish companies as well as in families, typical for the Eiffel Tower cultures. It is usual in Polish schools to emphasize the importance of parents in their childrens education. For example I remember my parents receiving congratulation letter for my personal achievements. 4. 3. Relationship with others To move on to the second set of dimensions distinguished by Trampers I assume that Poles tend to be more particularistic. It means that they often put relationships above rules and regulations. This dimension is common amongst rural (catholic) cultures like Poland. For example Polish president, Lech Sacking, has recently forgiven a group of young people who murdered a man tormenting local citizens. It shows that Poland has deep-rooted particularistic. On the other hand, I have observed an increasing popularity in contract signing recently which is characteristic for universalistic cultures. Secondly, Poles tend to be more diffuse in relationships, which means that they often link work with private lives. Use of titles is obligatory, calling someone older by his/her first name is often seen as an insult. Thirdly, based on my personal experience I would say that Polish citizens tend to be more individualistic. As Trampers suggested 74 % of Polish interviewee preferred to be left alone to get the Job done. Personally, I feel more motivated working on my own and often receive better results. It may be surprising that a previously communist country, where collectivism was the main philosophy has changed so dramatically. In my opinion Poles were not able to communicate their authentic values and behaviors and were perceived through the eyes of its invaders. Moreover, Polish culture characterizes ascription. The status depends on age, gender and social position. Poles often use titles and value hierarchy. For example almost every application form in Poland requires specific address titles such as doctor, professor and engineer. On the other hand, I would say that young generation is becoming ore achievable, which means that they prefer to be valued by what they do instead of who they are. Apart from that Poland is certainly an affective culture, a culture where expressing emotions is perceived as a norm . According to Wickerworks and Karakas 85 % of interviewee answered that emotions should be expressed immediately by verbal and non-verbal communication. Interrupting each other in Poland is sometimes perceived as a sign of interest. 4. 4. Working with different cultures To move on, I think that it is always difficult to work with people from different ultras, especially if you do not know them well. First of all, Japan is a neutral and collectivist culture with high Power-Distance and therefore it may cause some significant problems for Poles to work effectively with Japanese. Personally, I find silence very frustrating and often feel ignored by Japanese people. Apart from that, I expect people to present and exchange ideas, however Japanese cultures tend to listen and do not interact with others. Moreover, France is a specific culture in contrast to Poland, more collectivist and achievable which may also bring about some difficulties in cooperation .

Definition and Examples of Euro-English

Definition and Examples of Euro-English Euro-English is an emerging variety of the English language used by speakers in the European Union whose mother tongue is not English. Gnutzmann et al. point out that it is not clear, as yet, whether English in Europe will in the foreseeable future become a language in its own right, one that is owned by its multilingual speakers, or whether the orientation towards native-speaker language norms will continue to persist (Communicating Across Europe in  Attitudes Towards English in Europe, 2015). Observations Two foreign girlsnannies? tourists?one German, one Belgian (?), talking in English beside me on the next table, unconcerned by my drinking and my proximity. . . . These girls are the new internationalists, roving the world, speaking good but accented English to each other, a kind of flawless Euro-English: I am very bad with separation, the German girl says as she stands up to leave. No true English speaker would express the idea in this way, but it is perfectly comprehensible. (William Boyd, Notebook No. 9. The Guardian, July 17, 2004)   The Forces Shaping Euro-English [T]he evidence is accumulating that a Euro-English is growing. It is being shaped by two forces, one top-down and the other bottom-up.The top-down force comes from the rules and regulations of the European Union. There is an influential English Style Guide issued by the European Commission. This makes recommendations about how English should be written in official documents from the member states. On the whole it follows standard British English usage, but in cases where British English has alternatives, it makes decisionssuch as recommending the spelling judgment, not judgement...More important than these top-down linguistic pressures, I suspect, are the bottom-up trends which can be heard around Europe these days. Ordinary Europeans who have to use English to each other every day are voting with their mouths and developing their own preferences. . . . In sociolinguistics, the technical term for this interaction is accommodation. People who get on with each other find that their acc ents move closer together. They accommodate to each other...I dont think Euro-English exists yet, as a variety comparable to American English or Indian English or Singlish. But the seeds are there. It will take time. The new Europe is still an infant, linguistically. (David Crystal, By Hook or by Crook: A Journey in Search of English. Overlook, 2008) Characteristics of Euro-English [I]n  2012 a report found that 38% of the EU’s citizens speak [English] as a foreign language. Nearly all of those working at EU institutions in Brussels do. What would happen to English without the English? A sort of Euro-English, influenced by foreign languages, is already in use. Many Europeans use control to mean monitor because  contrà ´ler  has that meaning in French. The same goes for assist, meaning to attend (assister  in French,  asistir  in Spanish). In other cases, Euro-English is just a naive but incorrect extension of English grammatical rules: many nouns in English that don’t properly pluralise with a final s are merrily used in Euro-English, such as informations and competences. Euro-English also uses words like actor, axis or agent well beyond their narrow range in native English...It could be that whatever native-speakers might consider correct, Euro-English, second language or no, is becoming a dialect fluently spoken by a large group of people who understand each other perfectly well. Such is the case of English in India or South Africa, where a small group of native speakers is dwarfed by a far larger number of second-language speakers. One effect m ay be that this dialect would lose some of the tricky bits of English, such as the future perfect progressive (We will have been working) that aren’t strictly necessary. (Johnson, English Becomes Esperanto. The Economist, April 23, 2016) Euro-English as a Lingua Franca - Tramp . . . could be the first English-language glossy magazine aimed at people who speak Euro-English as a second language. (Social Vacuum. The Sunday Times, April 22, 2007)- In the case of English in Europe, there seems little doubt that it will continue to increase its position as the dominant lingua franca. Whether this will result in varieties of European Englishes, or in a single variety of Euro-English being used as a lingua franca can only be determined by further research. The extent to which it is stifling (Gà ¶rlach, 2002:1) other European languages by steadily encroaching on more and more domains also needs to be researched, as do European attitudes toward English, especially the attitudes of the young. (Andy Kirkpatrick, World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Further Reading AmericanizationDenglish (Denglisch)Global EnglishGlobishNotes on English as a Global LanguageWorld English

The role of leadership strategies, which help an organization to Essay

The role of leadership strategies, which help an organization to maintain its performance - Essay Example According to the research findings leaders are considered more effective even than the managers of the company, it is because leaders do not only manage the problems and system, but they lead their team in a professional manner. Leaders possess outstanding abilities to enhance the performances of all team members. They encourage them to view organizational situations from a leader`s eye and take initiatives in more improved manner, to increase productivity of the company. A leader also possesses persuasive attributes to motivate organizational members in order, to bring positive change in their organizational behavior and performance. Additionally, a leader does not solely focus on the performance of the employees; they keep an eye on the quality performance of the workers, because compromising on quality can create perplexing situations for the company. A leader brings new ideas for the success of the organization and makes plan to implement realistic strategies. Moreover, when all staff members ethically follow rules and regulations to understand the importance of result oriented concepts of the leaders, then a successful change takes place in the company. Kouzes and Posner, a leadership model suggested by Jim Kouzes and Barry Posner, has facilitated leaders to broaden their vision and form a stronger base for the organizational purposes with the co-operation of all team members. Additionally, this model has suggested another strategy to bring successful shift in the company such as, all workers including, leaders should maintain their worksheet, as it will help all participants to stay updated about their performance quality and scale. (Kouzes & Posner, 2003). Moreover, this model further suggests that all actions and strategies should be plan to secure future position of the company, means that future standard of the company should be the foremost priority of the company`s plans and leadership tools. Leadership Competency of Edge: The leadership competency of edge is an essential attribute of leadership that allows a leader to take risk at the hour of need. A risk of trust that he/she understands in a deeper sense than others and views a risky situation, as the best solution in the conditional situation of the company (Zingheim & Ledford, 1996). However, a leader has to be accountable for all outcomes, but he possesses qualities to take and manage the risk efficiently. Not only this, a leader should have potential to encourage all other employees to understand the importance of a risky situation, needed to bring organizational shift that would be most beneficial for the company (Zingheim & Ledford, 1996). Leadership competency of edge contributes to gather attention of all employees and motivate leaders to utilize workers, as the atoms that are useful to increase productivity of the organization through a result oriented shift. Motivating employers to maintain the performance based pay is another aspect of leadership competency that d irectly motivates employees to maintain their performances through the whole procedure of organizational shift. Organizational shift and improvement in the performances of the employees is only possible, when a leader makes his/her team realized that understanding an organizational mission